WWI left an indelible mark on whole Europe. Together with the political and economical devastation, the post-war period was characterized by a traditional morale crisis and disintegration of patriotic values.
Works like Oswald Spengler's "The Decline of the West" and Paul Valery's "The European Hamlet" appeared, marking the need for critique of culture, as well as rethinking the European idea as a whole. Gradually groups of radical youngsters, pacifists and ultimate experimenters appeared.